Browsing the Internet with JAWS, the Screen Reader!

The objectives in this lesson is to enhance perceptual ability and perceptual awareness of blind and visually impaired persons by informing and training use of Internet with JAWS (A screen reader program) for Communication, Independence, Employment, Education, and Fun ...

In addition, a focus is placed on using keyboard shortcuts. It is meant to train you how to use JAWS and / with Internet on Windows OS environment. This lesson is best used with a PC running Windows OS (Doesn't matter version of windows). However, I recommend you to use the training materials provided by Freedom Scientific to learn JAWS to a greater scope. The instructions in this lesson work with PCS, Win 7, 8.1, 10, and JAWS 15 or above; however, it is up to you what type of assistive technology or operating system you should use.

Prerequisites for this Lesson

Just develop your own workable strategy by planning, organizing, directing, controlling and evaluating your learning process to insure your objectives have met. This lesson has designed to be at your convenient time, place and pace; hence, there aren't many prerequisites:

1. Your computer, or if you are working from AT LAB the computer lab must have JAWS (A screen reader), Microsoft Outlook, Internet Explorer, Fire Fox, or Google Chrome installed. Of course yes, without Internet connection you cannot see this screen!
2. If you are working from Computer, or AT LAB, full function of all assistive technology: screen readers like JAWS, and the essential function of Windows OS, Browsers and Keyboard short cuts for learning of the Internet and JAWS should be enabled. (The computer lab administrator should be aware of it!)
3. You need to have keyboard and typing skills (a working knowledge of alphabet and number keys); you should be able to type and to write an english phrase for search engine purposes; however, If a you have a braille display, you can bypass the requirement for keyboarding.

JAWS stand for Job Access with Speech and it is a screen reader. A screen reader uses a Text-To-Speech (TTS) engine to interpret information on screen into speech, which can be heard through speakers.

A TTS is a software application that comes with the screen reader, or it can come as hardware device that plugs into the computer. Before computers had soundcards, screen readers used hardware TTS devices. Now soundcards come as standard on all computers and blind people find that a software TTS is preferable.

Furthermore, screen readers can provide information in external refreshable Braille display that contains one or more rows of cells. Each cell can be formed into the shape of a Braille character, a series of dots. As the information on the computer screen changes, so does the Braille characters on the display change, providing refreshable information directly from the computer. While it is possible to use either format independently, Braille output can be used in conjunction with speech output.

Windows Eyes, NVDA, Narrator are among many well-known screen readers in the world. However, JAWS is the world's most popular screen reader for blind computer users to manage a screen content or to navigate with a keyboard. JAWS provides speech and Braille output for the most popular computer applications on PC. JAWS enables blind and visually impaired users to read the screen either with a text-to-speech output or by a refreshable Braille display.

When you install JAWS on your computer, a JAWS icon will be placed on the desktop. This is a shortcut to turn JAWS on. There is more than one method you can use to turn JAWS on. Setting up a JAWS hotkey is another method that can be used to start JAWS.

When JAWS is running, you can shut it off as needed. The keyboard command used to turn JAWS off is INSERT + F4. After you press the command, a shut-down dialog box will appear. Pres enter to shut JAWS off.

1. Press windows key + d to bring focus to the desktop.
2. Press j for JAWS. This will bring focus to the JAWS icon. If you have more than one icon starting with letter j, you may have to press j more than once.
3. Check to see where you are. Use the say line command. Press insert + up arrow.
4. Press enter to start JAWS.
5. Press windows key + d to focus on the desktop.
6. Press letter j until the JAWS shortcut icon is selected. If JAWS does not say "selected", then press spacebar to select the icon. Pressing enter would open the window.
7. Press alt + enter to open the properties dialog box.
8. If you are not on the "Shortcut" page, press control + tab until focus is on the correct page.
9. Press tab until you get to the "Shortcut" or "Hotkey".
10. Press the letter j.
11. Confirm that you set the hotkey correctly. Use the hotkey to read the current control. Insert + tab will read the current control and a message.
12. Tab once.
13. Tab to the OK button. Press space to confirm the changes. You may need to take other actions depending on how your administrative settings for your PC are setup.
14. Press enter on the continue button to confirm the change.
15. Test to see if the hotkey worked. First close JAWS. Turn the screen reader off by pressing the hotkey insert + F4.
16. Press Space to turn JAWS off.
17. Now turn JAWS on. Try the hotkey you set. Press control + alt + j.Hopefully it worked and JAWS will start running again.

The JAWS interface consists of Options Menu, Utilities Menu, Language Menu, Help Menu, About, and Exit. Press insert + J to bring the JAWS window forth and explore each option.

When JAWS is installed, a start-up wizard will run. You can access this wizard at any time to manipulate JAWS settings. The speech rate, punctuation level, and typing echo can be changed to meet your preferences. The typing echo is what you hear when you dictate a keyboard.

There are other settings in the JAWS start-up wizard that can be altered. You can control how JAWS is started. If you do not always use JAWS, you can set the option to have JAWS never run automatically. In this case, JAWS would need to be turned on by using a hotkey, desktop icon, or by going through the start menu. In the wizard, you can set JAWS to run at the log in screen or after the log in screen.

Other options can be changed by using the JAWS start-up wizard. Keyboard, braille,and verbosity options can be modified. At any time when using JAWS, you can get help. Insert + F1 will give help. After listening to information gained from insert + F1 help, use escape to close help.

Learn to use the JAWS start-up wizard to quickly change options to meet your preferences. Follow the steps below to start the wizard:

1. Press alt + tab until you hear JAWS say, "JAWS" to switch to the JAWS window. If the JAWS interface is in the system tray, press Insert + J to bring JAWS interface forth.
2. Press alt + h to open the help menu, or up/down arrows when you hear, 'Help' press ENTER.
3. Press letter z to open the startup wizard.
4. In this screen, the dialog box that appears, you can control the JAWS speech settings. You can adjust the voice rate, the punctuation, and typing echo.
5. Adjust the voice rate by moving the slider bar. Use arrows to adjust the speaking rate. Page up or page down will allow you to move in large increments.
6. When done changing the voice rate, press tab to move forward through the dialog box. Shift + tab will move back through the dialog box if needed.
7. Next you can control how much punctuation is spoken. Use arrows to make choices in the combo box. Tab when finished.
8. Tab again. You will be taken to a group of buttons. These buttons are to change typing echo. Typing echo is what you hear when you type.
9. Use up arrow or down arrow to select the button you want.
Try this frequently when you are first using JAWS. Escape to close the "Help" window.
10. In the help window, use up arrow or down arrow to read. Escape to close the help window.
11. Enter to go to the next screen in the wizard. The screen will allow you to change when JAWS is started.

1. If you set JAWS to load before the log in screen, speech will be available when logging in with your name and password.
2. You may set the option for JAWS to start running after log in for all users. In this way, JAWS would always be running for you when you want to use speech with your PC.
3. You can set JAWS to start after log in for "Only this user". How you set JAWS to run depends on your individual situation. If you are the only person using your computer, then these options won't be quite as important to you.
4. Enter to go to the next screen.

1. Keyboard settings allow you to control use of a Virtual Ribbon Menu, Keyboard Layout, and Initial state of num lock key.
2. JAWS provides a virtual ribbon to make access to menu options user friendly. The virtual ribbon is similar to more traditional ribbons used by computers running earlier versions of Windows.
3. You can control which keyboard layouts that you use with JAWS. For example, you can choose between the laptop or desktop keyboard layout. You should have explored this in an earlier lesson when we changed the keyboard layout to laptop.
4. The use of NUMLOCK can be controlled. We'll leave it off for now. If you want to learn more about this, use insert + F1 to get help.
5. Verbosity settings are on the next screen.

1. Use arrow keys to choose. Get help as needed.
2. There is also a Braille screen. You may not be starting with Braille. Space on the Finish button to exit the wizard. Follow any instructions your PC gives.

Use the JAWS options menu to change and explore the various changes you can make to how JAWS speaks and runs. The "Options" menu is found in the JAWS window. There are basic settings, settings for changing voices, and options for using braille. You can also manage application settings.

In The "Basics" pull-down menu of JAWS options, you have choices regarding tutor messages and access keys. You can alter how much JAWS speaks when in menus or dialog boxes. You can tab through the dialog boxes that open when you are exploring areas of the "Options" menu. Pressing insert + F1 will be a good way for you to learn what specific items are.

In the "Options" menu, there are many aspects of the voice for JAWS that you can change. More choices can be found here than in the JAWS Start-Up wizard that we explored earlier. It is recommended that you read or listen to training materials and use "help" to explore various menu items.

1. Switch by using alt + tab to open the JAWS window.
2. Alt to jump to the menu bar.
3. Down arrow to open the "Options" pull-down menu.
4. Enter to explore options found in "Basics".
5. Tab or shift + tab through the dialog box.
6. Press insert + F1 on each item. Jaws will give help information. Escape to close the help message.
7. Explore making changes to see how JAWS works for you.
8. Complete the same steps to explore "Voices" in the options menu. Remember to use insert + F1 to get help.
9. Explore other items in the Options menu as needed.

Note: The JAWS speech functions are accessed by using the numeric keypad (NUM PAD) in desktop. The Num Pad keys are located on the far right side of a keyboard. this NUM PAD uses to type numbers so it should be off by the number lock function. To do this, press the NUM LOCK key in the top left corner of the NUM PAD.

1. NumPad 5, Reads current character.
2. Num Pad 4, or Left-Arrow, reads one character to the left while moving backward
3. NumPad 6, or Right-Arrow, reads one character to the right while moving forward
4. Insert + NumPad 5, reads current word. However, if you press Insert + Num Pad 5 twice quickly Spells Word
5. Insert + NumPad 4, or Control Left-Arrow, reads one word to left while moving backward
6. Insert + NumPad 6, or Control Right-Arrow, reads current word while moving forward
7. Insert + NumPad 8, reads current line
8. Up-Arrow reads prior line
9. Down-Arrow reads next line
10. Insert + Down Arrow, reads an intire document
11. Insert + Page Down, or Insert + Num Pad 3, say Bottom Line Of Window (It is as the same as read status line.)
12. Insert + End, or Insert + Num Pad 1, say Top Line Of Window (It is as the same of read the TitleBar.)

If you have a laptop, you will be changing the keyboard layout to "Laptop". The CAPSLOCK key will become a modifier for the INSERT key. This means that when INSERT is used in a keystroke, the CAPSLOCK can be used to replace the INSERT key. CAPSLOCK is often easier to reach compared with insert. You won't have to move your hands off of homerow to reach CAPSLOCK.

To use the CAPSLOCK key to capitalize all letters, press the key twice quickly. Pressing the CAPSLOCK twice quickly when JAWS is running in laptop keyboard layout will allow you to use CAPSLOCK for its original purpose.

First, set your keyboard layout to "Llaptop". Pres ALT + tab until you heare, "JAWS" to open the JAWS window, or Insert + J to open JAWS from system tray.

1. Press 'Alt' to jump to the menu bar.
2. Press Down arrow to open the "Options" menu.
3. press down arrow to "Basics".
4. Press enter.
5. Press 'Tab' to "use keyboard layout".
6. Hit left arrow or right arrow to "Laptop".
7. Press enter.

1. Press CAPSLOCK + M to read char by char to left (remember to use CAPSLOCK as the modifier key.
2. Press CAPSLOCK + , (comma) to read current char.
3. Press CAPSLOCK + . (Period) to read char by char to the right.
4. Press CAPSLOCK + J to read word by word to the left.
5. Press CAPSLOCK + K to read current word.
6. Press CAPSLOCK + L to read word by word to the right.
7. Press CAPSLOCK + U to read prior line.
8. Pres CAPSLOCK + I to read current line.
9. Press CAPSLOCK + O to read line below
10. Press CAPSLOCK + 1 to use keyboard help, and to get to know the laptop layout.
11. Press the key or keystroke twice quickly to get a more detailed description of what the key or keystroke will do.
12. Now turn "keyboard help" off. Press CAPSLOCK + 1 to toggle "Keyboard help" off.

The Internet, referred as the net, or the web is computer networks that communicate through wires or wireless technology. The Internet developed in the late 1960; and with its worldwide immense growth is accessible by people everywhere in the world. The Internet uses TCP/IP communication protocol and it is accessed using a computer modem or network that is connected through an internet service provider ISPs. The Internet is known as 'Information super highway', and contains billions of web pages created by businesses from around the world, making it possible whenever the time and where ever the place to access information in variety medias like text, audio/video, and in picture formats etc. The Internet also has thousands of services that help make life more convenient. For example, many financial institutions offer online banking that enables a user to access, learn manage, and view their account online from the comfort of their own time and place. The Internet lets us share its compelling content let us stay up to date with what our friends are doing, and share the things we love with the world.

The Internet was originated in 1969, since then it has been showing a lot of technological & Infrastructural changes. Internet first developed by The Advanced Research Project Agency Network (ARPANET), and ARPANET was developed by United States Department of Defense. The purpose of ARPANET was to provide communication to the US government. In the beginning, there were four hosts, or nodes (During that time nodes were as same as hosts.) In early 70th, the ARPANET spread over the globe with 23 nodes located at different countries and thus became known as Internet.

With invention of the TCP/IP protocols, WWW, DNS, browsers, and related applications like scripting languages, eventually Internet provided a medium to publish and access information over the web.

Internet covers almost every aspect of life you can think of. Information regarding various topics such as Health & Science, Geographical Information, Social Studies, Information Technology, Products and services can be obtained and surfed with help of a search engine from Internet.

Internet is a technology that has greatly enhanced our lives. Through the Internet, we can communicate with the world whether you are a person with disability (Blind or visually impaired person, elderly, person with hearing impairment, person with autism), or not, you are able to access the internet from comfort of your bedroom, school, work, or on a go. There are many apps available on the web that uses Internet as a medium for communication. One can find various social networking sites through Internet such as:

• Facebook
• Youtube
• Paltalk
• Google
• Yahoo
• Twitter
• Flickr

Besides communication and source of information, internet also serves a medium for entertainment. Online Television, Online Games, Songs and Videos Are the various modes for entertainment over internet. Internet allows us to use many services like:

• E-mail
• Online Shopping
• Online hotel or air Ticket Booking
• Online Bill Payment
• Internet Banking
• Matrimonial Services
• Data Sharing

In order to be connected with the Internet at least the following items are needed:

1. A computer
2. A modem. A router or a modem-router
3. Internet service provider (ISP)
4. Of course yes, the most important one is a person who eager to learn!

It is possible to be connecting through computer terminals, computers, mobile devices, and computer in a local area network (LAN) to the Internet, and these devices enable users to access Internet services for the purpose of research, email, chat, download/upload, and many more tasks in the Web. Internet service providers (ISP) offer Internet access to the public through various technologies that offer a wide range of data speeds.

Internet browsers are Web browsers that lets us connect to the Internet or to a local intranet. Browsers are application softwares used to retrieve and display information from the World Wide Web. they surfs the web; and, let us view different contents of many web sites. They are viewing engines for multiple contents of the web. Internet browsers accept request from users and comes back with answers in form of pictures, text, video/audio images web TV etc. In addition, Internet Browsers run web scripts and forms. It's hard to think about using a computer without also thinking about using the Internet. In order to surf the Internet, a web browser is needed. The following are well known browsers in today's world:

1. Internet Explorer
2. Fire Fox
3. Google Chrome.
4. Microsoft edge
5. Opera
6. Safari

JAWS provides global helpful commands for browsing the Web, and JAWS uses the Virtual Cursor within browsers like Internet Explorer, Fire Fox, and Google Crome letting us read as we would in a word processing document. Through the virtue of JAWS and browsers, we are able to read documents on the World Wide Web as well as interact with other people in several ways. We can move through web pages, open new pages, and fill out forms.

Follow the steps below to trigger your browser and practice how to navigate the Internet with JAWS through the quick navigation keys.

1. Hit the windows logo key , and type the browser you use (E.G., Google Chrome). Browser XX will pop up and hit ENTER.
2. Browser xx loads up and focus lands on the home page.
1. Use up arrow or down arrow to read back and forward by line. Explore the page using up arrow or down arrow.
2. Move to the top of the page. Use control + HOME.
3. Press insert + t to read the page title.
4. Get help. Press insert + F1.
5. On a web page, hit H to move forward heading by heading, and hit shift + H to move bacward.
6. Hit P to jump by paragraph, or element. Hit shift + P to move back.
7. You can get a list of links. Press insert + F7 to bring up the links dialog box. Up arrow or down arrow through the list of links. Enter to follow the link.
8. To go back to the previous web page, use alt + left arrow. Alt + right arrow will take you forward by page in your current session.
9. Alt + F4 to exit when you finish.
10. Press insert + j to open the JAWS window.
11. Alt + h to open "Help".
12. Press enter on "Training".
13. Down arrow to "Surfs Up".
14. Press enter to open.
15. Press 'ALT + D', , to bring the address bar. Type google.com, or http://www.google.com hit ENTER to go to 'Google' search engin. Focus is on Google search engin now!

Practice Browsing Internet with JAWS

Note: Use the following JAWS Internet global navigation commands while you are working with the Internet tutorial lesson; thus, you learn use of assistive technology (JAWS) in performing tasks. Be aware that the JAWS key, it is as the same as insert key!

1. Press JAWS key + num pad 8 to read a line at any time Or Press JAWS key + up arrow to read a line.
2. Press JAWS key + T to read the active window title or Press JAWS key + T to read the application title
3. Press JAWS key + num pad 5 to read a word or Press JAWS key + num pad 5 twice quickly to spell-out the word
4. Press JAWS key + num pad 6 to read character to the right or Press right arrow to read character by character forward.
5. Press JAWS key + num pad 4 to read character to the left Or< Press left arrow to read character by character to the left.
6. Always press the Read window title the 'JAWS Key + T' to verify the open program you are working. Note: The JAWS key is as the same as the insert key.
7. Pres and hold down the ALT KEY and press the TAB KEY to rotate through all running application programs. When JAWS announces the 'TitleBar' for the program you wanted, release the ALT KEY and work!
8. Press the JAWS key + UpArrow or JAWS key + NumPad key 2 to read a line to verify where your focus is.
9. To move forward to the next link or control, press Tab.
10. To move backwards to the previous Link or control, press Shift+Tab.
11. To activate a link, press Enter.
12. To move back to the previous page, press Alt+LeftArrow.
13. To move forward to the next page, press Alt+RightArrow.
14. Display a list of links, Insert+F7.
15. Display a list of form fields, JAWSKey+F5.
16. Display a list of headings, Insert+F6.
17. Display a list of frames, JAWSKey+F9.
18. Go to next Radio Button, A.
19. Go to next Button, B.
20. Go to next ComboBox, C.
21. Go to next different element, D.
22. Go to next Edit, E.
23. Go to next Form Field, F.
24. Go to next Graphic, G.
25. Go to next Heading, H.
26. Go to next List Item, I.
27. Go to next Place Marker, K.
28. Go to next List, L.
29. Go to next Frame, M.
30. Skip past links, N.
31. Go to next Object, O.
32. Go to next Paragraph, P.
33. Go to next Main Region, Q.
34. Go to next Region, R.
35. Go to next Same Element, S.
36. Go to next Table, T.
37. Go to next unvisited link, U.
38. Go to next visited link, V.
39. Go to next Checkbox, X.
40. Go to next Span element, Y.
41. Go to next Division, Z.
42. Go to next OnMouseOver element, ; (semicolon).
43. Go to next element with an onclick handler, / (slash).
44. Go to next MailTo link, \ (backslash).
45. Go to next Separator, - (Dash).
46. Go to next FlowTo element, = (Equals).

Web & Search

Simple searches usually yield the results you need, but when they don't, it's no reason to give up. Here are tools, strategies, and other help to get you where you want to be online. Google is the most popular search engine on the Web, even you can make it more powerful with just a few simple tweaks. Have you ever searched for something and got back way more than what you were hoping for? Of course - this is a common experience that anyone who has ever used a search engine has encountered. If you are looking for a specific phrase, just typing it into a search engine will probably not get you the results you were hoping for. Search engines might bring back pages that have all the words you entered, but those words most likely will not be in the order you intended or even anywhere near each other.

How Do Quotation Marks Make Searches Better?

There's a simple way to make your searches more streamlined, and cut out much of the extraneous results that we get so often. Using quotation marks around your phrases takes care of this problem. When you use quotation marks around a phrase, you are telling the search engine to only bring back pages that include these search terms exactly how you typed them in order, proximity, etc. For example: "Human rights in Eritrea" Your search results now will only bring back pages that have all these words in the exact order that you typed them in. This little trick saves a lot of time and frustration and works in nearly any search engine .

Looking for Specific Dates

You also have some flexibility in how you order the phrase and other words you'd like to be found with it. For example, say you would like to look for our standard example of Human rights in Eritrea, but you'd like a specific date range. In Google , you could use this search: "Human rights in Eritrea" 1998..2017 You just told Google to bring back only the results for Human rights in Eritrea in exactly that word order, but then you also specified that you only want to see results in the date range of 1998 to 2017.

Find a Specific Phrase

How about if you want to search for a specific "Anchor" phrase, so to speak, and you'd like to attach some descriptors to that phrase to expand it? Easy - just put your descriptive modifiers in front of the specific phrase, separated by a comma (we'll keep our date range on there as well): politics, culture, stability "Human rights in Eritrea" 1998..2017 Exclude Certain Words What if you decide you don't like those results and don't want to see anything in your search results from those descriptive modifiers? Use the minus sign (-) to tell Google (or most any other search engine) that you are specifically not interested in seeing those words in your search results (this is a distinct feature of Boolean search methods): "Human rights in Eritrea"-politics, -culture, -stability 1998..2017

Tell Google Where You Want the Phrase To Be Found

Going back to searching just for the phrase; you can also specify where in the page you would like Google to find this specific phrase. How about just in the title? Use the following search string to find the phrase you're looking for in the title of any web page: allintitle: "Human rights in Eritrea" You can specify a phrase search only in the text on the page itself with this query: allintext: "Human rights in Eritrea" You can even specify that you only want to see this phrase in the URL of search results, which can bring back really interesting sources: allinurl: "Human rights in Eritrea"

Find a Specific File

One last interesting search combination with search for your specific phrase within different types of files. What does this mean? Google and other search engines index HTML pages, but they also sort and index documents: Word files, PDF files, etc. Try this to get some really interesting results: "Human rights in Eritrea" filetype:pdf This will bring back results that feature your specific phrase, but it will only bring back PDF files. Quotation Marks - One of the Easiest Ways to Streamline Your Searches. Experiment with these combinations; quotation marks can be an incredibly powerful yet simple way to make your searches much more effective.

Boolean search

There are two basic Boolean search commands supported in Google: AND and OR, and they mean just what they presume to mean. You can use Boolean searches to help specify what it is you want to find, whether to make it more specific (using AND) or less specific (which is what OR is for).

Using the AND Boolean Operator

Use AND searches in Google to search for all the search terms you specify. It's helpful to use AND when you want to make sure that the topic you're researching is actually the topic you'll get in the search results. As an example, say you search the word Microsoft on Google. The results will most likely show you things on Microsoft.com, like the homepage of the site, their Twitter account, Microsoft Prime information and other things you can buy on Microsoft.com. However, if you were instead looking for information on the Microsoft Office Suite 365, even searching for Microsoft Office Suite 365might give you results that are just about Microsoft.com or the word "Microsoft" in general. To make sure each search result includes both the words "Microsoft" and "Office Suite 365," you want to use the AND operator.

Examples:

1. Microsoft AND Office Suite 365
2. Laptop AND Windows OS
3. news AND Boeing AND technology

Using the OR Boolean Operator

Google uses the OR operator to search for one term or the other one. This means the article can contain either word but doesn't have to include both. This usually works well when you use two similar words or words that might be interchangeable. Some coders will choose the word "programs" instead of "software" when talking about computer codes, for example. In this case, it'd be helpful to tell Google that you don't care which word is used since they both mean basically the same thing. You can see how the OR operator is different from AND when you compare the results of how to draw OR paint versus how to draw AND paint . content (since either word can be used), there are much more results than if you restrict the search to needing both words (like in the AND example). You can also use the break (|) character in place of OR (it's the one attached to the forward slash key).

The following JAWS commands provide helpful information for surfing the Internet. Practice navigating this page by using the listed quick navigation keys below! For example, press the letter V for visited link right now. It takes you to the next visited link, if there is no visited link the virtual cursor does not move. When you press shift + "quick navigation key", always the virtual cursor moves backward. If you get lost in this page, press the letter H until you find your place. Then press the letter L to go to the list of quick navigation keys. Press down arrow key until you hear the right navigation letter. Follow the same procedure mentioned above until you finish practicing all quick navigation keys.

• Next Visited Link = V
• Next Unvisited Link = U
• Next PlaceMarker = K or SHIFT+7 through 0 (to move to PlaceMarkers 1 through 4)
• Listen to PlaceMarker Content = 7 through 0 (to hear content of PlaceMarkers 1 through 4)
Insert Temporary PlaceMarker = CTRL+WINDOWS Key+K
• Add, Delete, Edit, or Rename Permanent PlaceMarker = CTRL+SHIFT+K
• Speak All Placemarkers = ALT+WINDOWS Key+K
• Next Heading = H
• Next Heading at Level = 1 through 6
• Next Paragraph = P
• Next Form Control = F
• Next Button = B
• Next Combo Box = C
• Next Edit Box = E
• Next Radio Button = A
• Next Check Box = X
• Next List = L
• Next Item in a List = I
• Next Graphic = G
• Next Table = T
• Jump to Cell (Within Table) = CTRL+WINDOWS Key+J (or WINDOWS Key+J in Mozilla Firefox)
• Return to Previous Table Cell = CTRL + SHIFT + J (or SHIFT + WINDOWS Key + J in Mozilla Firefox)
• Jump to Line = J
• Return to Previous Line = SHIFT + J
• Next Non Link Text = N
• Next Frame = M
• Next Object Tag = O
• Next Same Type Element = S
• Next Different Type Element = D
• Next Region = R
• Move to Main Region = Q
• Next Division = Z
• Next Separator = DASH
• Next Clickable Element = SLASH
• Next OnMouseOver = SEMICOLON
• Step Past Element = SHIFT+PERIOD
• Step Before Element = SHIFT+COMMA

You probably have an email account with Gmail.com, Outlook.com or with Yahoo.com, if you have not create one. Google, Yahoo and Microsoft outlook are free web email service providers and these are a few among many top webmail providers. These three providers allow you to access email accounts from anywhere with Internet connection including access to webmail from mobile devices. Therefore, create an email account with one of the free web email service provider. If you want to use an email client like Microsoft outlook as your email client you have to know your credentials: email address, password including the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), Post Office Protocol (POP3) and Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP). If you work for an organization that hosts your email, the system administrator has to tel or give you all credentials and protocol requirements in order to use Microsoft outlook as your email client.

Gmail is a web-based email account and it belongs to Google. If you have an account with Google, that gets you into all Google apps like Gmail. A Google account is a user name and password that can be used to login to Google Docs, Sites, Maps and Search, Google+, Google Apps, YouTube, Google Play, and Google Drive.) Here is how to create a Gmail account step-by-step instruction:

1. Launch your internet browser, and focus will land on your home page. NOTE: At each step, apply appropriate JAWS read commands to manage your work. For example, press insert + T (Read the title bar) to be sure you are working on the right screen. Press insert + page down to read the status line, press insert up arrow to read current line.
2. Press ALT + D to bring the address bar, and type gmail.com, and hit ENTER, or click the Gmail link on screen.
3. Focus will land in the 'Google Free storage'Screen (The signup screen). Press JAWS + T to verify the title bar. As you don't have a Google account yet, you need to click on 'create' link.
4. Now focus lands on the Google screen form, and Google will prompt you first name, last name, user name (Username is the unique email address you will have.), gender, birth date, password, mobile phone number, and email.
5. Press the PC cursor then control + home to go to the top of the page.
6. Hit 'F', focus will land on the first edit field, type your first name and TAB to the next field until you complete the form.
7. After completing the form click on next.
8. Focus will land on privacy screen and Accept Google's privacy and terms then go to next screen.
9. Select text or voice call depend how you want to verify your account.
10. Continue to congratulations screen that says you have created your Gmail account.

How to Send an Email

1. Type gmail.com at the address bar and hit ENTER.
2. Now log in to your Gmail account so that you are on the dashboard (main page) of your mail account.
3. Press control home then hit F, when JAWS says "Basic HTML button" hit spacebar.
4. Pres insert + F7, and hit C the 'Compose' link will pop up, hit ENTER.
5. Focus lands on new blank email window. In the 'To' box, type in the email address of the recipient. Hit TAB to move to the next field 'CC, BC, Subject, and Main body (Where you can type your message.)'.
6. Write what you are writing about in the subject field. The subject field allows you to give the recipient an idea of the topic of your email, like a heading.
7. Type your message in the main body field of your email.
8. When you ready to send your email, hit TAB and press spacebar or ENTER to send it.
9. Press insert F7 to list links, hit 'S', until JAWS says, "Sign out" then hit ENTER to logout.

There are many web sites with forms that you may interact with. You might fill out a form to request information, join a list, or purchase an item. When filling out a form with JAWS on, you will be in Forms Mode. Forms Mode automatically comes on when you come across an edit box that allows you to write. JAWS will beep to let you know you are in Forms Mode and can write.

1. Press the windows logo key, and type 'Your browser name' when your browser pops up, hit 'ENTER' to trigger the browser.
2. Focus will land on your home page.
3. Press alt + d to go to the address field.
4. Write www.thanksamerica.us and press enter.
5. Press control + home then hit the letter R when you hear the first JAWS say, "Navigation menu", hit Tab, or arrows to the 'Contact us' link and press enter.
6. Hit control home to go to the top of page.
7. Press F then hit ENTER to get to the first name edit box. JAWS will beep to let you know you are in Forms Mode.
8. At any time, you could press the PC cursor, or Escape to exit Forms Mode.
9. In the form, you can use up/down arrow, or you can hit 'F' to move from one field to the next field. 'TAB', and 'SHIFT TAB' to move around forms. Try this now.
10. Practice as many you want. Exit the web page when done.
11. If you want to go back to the top of the page, escape to get out of Forms Mode. Then you can use control + home to navigate to the top of the page; in addition, you can navigate using commands available in Read Mode.

Facebook is the world's largest social network, and it is a site that makes it easy for you to connect and share ideas, thoughts, events, pictures, videos with your family, friends and world online. Even though, there are already a lot of other ways to communicate online, such as email, instant messaging, and so on. People like the ability of Facebook to connect and share with the people you care about at the same time. Facebook can be accessed almost from any device that has a web browser and is connected to the Internet. Nowadays, having a Facebook account is an expected part of being online, as it is having your own email address. Facebook is so popular, and many other websites have integrated Facebook into their sites; as a result, you can use a single Facebook account to sign in to different services across the Web. E.G., when you apply for a job online employers' website can contract your profile from Facebook. Also, you can use Facebook for business purposes. Now I will show you how to create Facebook profile, and if you are over the age of 13 with a valid email address, you are free to join Facebook. Click on the below links to directly access the needed topic.

1. Your Home Page
2. Facebook Keyboard Shortcuts
3. News Feed
4. Using the Like or Comment Buttons
5. Accepting Friend Requests
6. Posting Your Own Status Message
7. Facebook Mobile
8. Finding New Friends
9. Writing on a Friend's Wall
10. Signing Out of Facebook
11. Signing Out of Regular Facebook

Creating a Facebook Account

The first thing to do before diving into Facebook with JAWS or Magic is to create a Facebook account. If you already have an account, feel free to skip this section. Creating a Facebook account involves filling out some basic information about yourself and solving an audio or visual CAPTCHA challenge.

Perform the following steps to sign up for a Facebook account

1. Go to www.facebook.com and press the letter E until you fine the edit box labeled First Name.
2. Press ENTER to turn on forms mode and type in your first name.
3. Using the TAB key to move, fill out the remaining fields and move to the Sign-Up button.
4. Press SPACEBAR on Sign Up and your cursor will move to an edit box where you must type in the CAPTCHA answer.
5. If you need to use the audio CAPTCHA, press UP ARROW until you reach the audio CAPTCHA link.
6. Press ENTER to activate it and your cursor will automatically move back to the edit box.
7. Press ENTER to turn on forms mode and follow the audio instructions.
8. After entering the text, press TAB to move to the Sign-Up button and activate it with the SPACEBAR

Commonly Used Web Page Navigation Commands

The following is a list of some of the most commonly used JAWS web page navigation commands.

INSERT + F7 - Open the links list

INSERT + F6 - Open the headings list

INSERT + ESCAPE - Refresh the screen

CTRL + F - Open the JAWS Find dialog box

- Find the next instance of the word you searched for using the JAWS Find dialog box

B - Move to next button

E - Move to next edit box

F - Move to next form field (of any type)

H - Move to next heading

V - Move to next visited link

SEMICOLON - Move to next landmark

Your Home Page

When you first login to Facebook or if you activate the Home link, you will be taken to your home page. On this page, you will find information like your news feed, upcoming events, requests, and ways to find new friends. The home page can be customized and contains quite a lot of information. Fortunately, the titles of the various sections of your home page are marked with headings. Press H to move to the different sections.

Facebook Keyboard Shortcuts

1. Index to help you figure out the shortcut structure for your favorite browser with Facebook:
1. Chrome for PC: Ctrl + Shift + #
2. Internet Explorer for PC: Alt + #, then Enter
3. Firefox for PC: Shift + Alt + #
4. Safari for Mac: Ctrl + Opt + #
5. Firefox for Mac: Ctrl + Opt + #
6. Chrome for Mac: Ctrl + Opt + #
2. Add, or match the following keys to the above:
1. 1 Facebook's homepage
2. 2 Your Timeline
3. 3 Friends list
4. 4 Inbox
5. 5 Notifications
6. 6 Account settings
7. 7 Privacy settings
8. 8 About page
9. 9 Facebook's terms & conditions
3. Additional Navigation Keys
1. J- Go to next story on News Feed
2. K Go to previous story on News Feed
3. C Comment on a story
4. L like or unlike a story
5. M Compose new message
6. Q Search for a friend to chat with

News Feed

One of the most popular features of the home page is the news feed which displays the latest activities from all your friends. Each entry in the news feed is a heading and you can simply press H to quickly scroll through the different items. If you find an item that interests you, press DOWN ARROW once you land on the heading and you will be able to read the entire entry as well as use the Comment or Like features of Facebook. Pressing ENTER on someone's name that appears as a link will take you to the profile page of that person.

The news feed starts with a level 2 heading and can easily be found from the headings list. Perform the following steps to quickly locate the News Feed heading.

Press INSERT + F6 to activate the list of headings and press HOME to make sure you are at the top of the list.

Press N until your cursor lands on the level 2 heading called News Feed.

Press ENTER and you will be placed on the page at the news feed heading. You can now press H to move to the different items.

NOTE: Beneath the last item in the news feed is a link called "Older posts." Activate this link to display more items in the news feed.

Using the Like or Comment Buttons

Many items in the news feed or on a profile page will have a Like button and a Comment button associated with them. Activate the Like button to place a "Thumbs up" icon next to the entry. Once you activate the Like button on an entry, it will change to an Unlike button to allow you to take away the "Thumbs up" icon. Scroll down beneath the Like button to see a list of other people who have "Liked" the entry.

Activating the Comment button will place your cursor on an edit box where you can type a comment related to the item. Press ENTER to turn on forms mode and type your comment. Press TAB to move to the Comment button and activate it. Your comment will now appear beneath the entry and you can scroll up to read it.

Accepting Friend Requests

To accept friend requests made by others, you must first activate the friend requests link. This link is found beneath the Home heading and will begin with the number of friend requests followed by the word "Friends". For example, if you have ten friend requests, the link would appear as ൒ friends".

You can easily locate the link by pressing INSERT + F7 to activate the links list or you can press CTRL + F to activate the JAWS Find dialog box and type in the word "Friends" followed by ENTER. Once you are on the Friends page, press H until you reach the Requests heading. Scroll down and you will find the people who are requesting to be your friend. Before each name is a Confirm button and a Not Now button. You can activate the link on the person's name to view their profile page before you accept or ignore their request. Activating the Confirm button will add the person to your friends list while activating Not Now will remove the name from your list of friend requests.

Posting Your Own Status Message

Perform the following steps to post a status message for others to see.

1. From your home page, press E until you reach the edit box labeled, "What's on your mind."
2. Press ENTER to turn on forms mode and type your status message.
3. Press ESCAPE once to turn forms mode off and scroll down to the Share button.
4. Activate the Share button and your status will be posted.

Facebook Mobile

The Facebook mobile page provides a streamlined alternative to using the main Facebook site. The mobile page is primarily designed for people using mobile devices such as smart phones but it also provides a less complex interface which may benefit many JAWS or Magic users. You can access Facebook mobile by going to m.facebook.com or by going to Facebook using a hand-held device. Facebook mobile does not have as much information on each page and does not use all the newer Web technology that causes problems for screen reader users. This makes the pages simpler to navigate with JAWS. The only drawback to this approach is that Facebook mobile does not use many of the navigation features such as headings that regular Facebook uses. If you prefer a less cluttered page and do not mind not having access to some of the navigation shortcuts, Facebook mobile may be the best choice for you. You may even find that using a combination of the regular Facebook pages and Facebook mobile works best for you.

Finding New Friends

Perform the following steps to find friends using Facebook mobile.

1. From your home page, press E to move to the edit box labeled Search.
2. Press ENTER to turn on forms mode and type the name of the person you wish to search for.
3. Press ENTER to activate the Search button.
4. When the new page loads, press the letter T to move to the table of results found on the page.
5. Use the arrow keys to move through the results.

Writing on a Friend's Wall

Perform the following steps to post a message on a friend's wall using Facebook mobile.

1. Go to the profile page of the person whose wall you want to write on.
2. Press the letter B until you find the Post button.
3. Press UP ARROW once to move up to the edit box just above the Post button. This is where you type your message that will be displayed on the wall.
4. Turn on forms mode and type your message.
5. Press TAB to move to the Post button and activate it.

Signing Out of Facebook

Signing Out of Facebook Mobile

To sign out of Facebook mobile, locate and activate the Logout link. You can quickly find it by activating the Links List with INSERT + F7 and pressing L for Logout.

Signing Out of Regular Facebook

To sign out from the regular Facebook site, you must first activate the button labeled Account Button Menu. Press B until you find it and press the SPACEBAR to activate it. You will hear the sound indicating that forms mode is on. Press ESCAPE to turn forms mode off and scroll down until you locate the Logout button. Press SPACEBAR to activate it and you will be logged out of Facebook.

High/middle/low tech, mini-computer/super-computer from screen readers to simple white-cane are examples of technology that simplifies life. Or, the Internet, as a whole, can be seen as technology that has greatly enhanced our lives. Even though, Internet provides many benefits, unfortunately it is not without disadvantages. There are many challenges that everyone must be aware of, and they can negatively impact your system's security and privacy. Malware, spyware, worms, Viruses, pornography, etc can cause your computer to slow start-up, sluggish operation, and annoying pop-ups all suggest that your computer is infested, and these are a few among many internet disadvantages.

Spamming is unwanted e-mails, and these e-mails serve no purpose and leads to distraction of whole system. Virus attacks may cause your system to crash and your important data may get destroyed because virus can easily be spread to the computers connected to the internet. Pornography is one of many threat on Internet because there are various websites that do not provide the authenticated information. As a result, there are many pornographic sites letting your kids to use internet which affects their (Your kids') healthy mental life.

Malware, sneaky programs which causes a lot of unknown problems including: spyware arrives by way of web browser, viruses arrive by email, and worms arrive by unknown ways.

• Follow the below suggestion to prevent your computer from getting malware.
1. Pay attention on what you click and download.
2. Watch to the fine print details and any auto-checked checkboxes when downloading. Make sure that you understand what programs are being installed.
• Always download the latest improvements to your Windows operating system, and ensure that your virus checker and your spyware removers are up-to-date, and check out these antispyware programs:
1. Microsoft Windows Defender which is free, already included in Windows 7, 8, and 10.
2. Ad-Aware, from Lavasoft (free for basic version)
3. Spybot Search & Destroy (shareware).
1. In addition, always update your browsers and try to browse the web with different browser, such as Firefox, Chrome, Microsoft Edge, or Safari.
2. use credit cards only through authenticated sites when taking care of businesses.

1. What is a second method that can be used to run JAWS?
2. What is the keyboard command to shut JAWS off?
3. How can you turn keyboard help on or off?
4. Give 3 options that the JAWS start-up wizard can help you change?
5. To get JAWS help from anywhere, what command can be used?
6. How can "JAWS help" be cloased?
7. What is the command to bring focus to the desktop?
8. Where can the JAWS "Options" menu be found?
9. How does the "Options" menu compare to using the JAWS start-up wizard?
10. What can be changed by using the Options menu?
11. What is the difference between many laptop and standard PC keyboards?
12. What key will become a modifier key for the INSERT key?
13. What is a modifier key?
14. If you want to put a word in all caps, what will you do when using the JAWS laptop keyboard layout?
15. When using JAWS on the Internet, what two modes are there?
16. What does insert + down arrow do when using JAWS?
17. What is the command to "Say all"?
18. What is the command to jump to the top of a page or list?
19. Give an example of a url.
20. What are browsers? aside>ANSWER: Browsers like Internet Explorer, google Chrome ... are software that displays content of the webpage, and they are viewing engine for multiple content of the web. a web browser.
21. What are some activities that children might do on the Internet?
22. How does JAWS let you know you are in the edit box of a form and able to write?
23. How can you jump forward or back by form?
24. List three reasons you may need to fill out a form on a web page.